{"id":5924,"date":"2021-10-06T08:47:53","date_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:47:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/?p=5924"},"modified":"2022-02-18T10:21:23","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T10:21:23","slug":"resistencias-bacterianas-estrategias-antibioticos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/es\/resistencias-bacterianas-estrategias-antibioticos\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 aparecen las resistencias antimicrobianas? Las estrategias para sobrevivir a los antibi\u00f3ticos"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

La OMS ha declarado que la resistencia a los antimicrobianos es una de las 10 principales amenazas de salud p\u00fablica a las que se enfrenta la humanidad. Pero \u00bfCu\u00e1l es su origen? \u00bfQu\u00e9 estrategias desarrollan las bacterias para sobrevivir a los antibi\u00f3ticos<\/a>? En el siguiente art\u00edculo respondemos a todas esas preguntas.<\/strong><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 se desarrolla el problema?<\/h2>\n

Hoy en d\u00eda hay un uso excesivo e irracional de los antibi\u00f3ticos lo que facilita la aparici\u00f3n de bacterias resistentes. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos<\/a> supone una amenaza mundial tanto para la salud humana y la salud animal.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Para la Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la resistencia a los antimicrobianos es un problema importante a nivel global
\n<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Las principales causas de este mal uso son:<\/p>\n

\u25cf Pacientes que no cumplen con la dosificaci\u00f3n prescrita<\/strong>.
\n\u25cf Falta de diagn\u00f3stico y antibiogramas<\/strong> en humanos y animales.
\n\u25cf Uso prolongado en infecciones recurrentes<\/strong>.
\n\u25cf No respetar el tiempo de espera<\/strong> en los animales de consumo<\/a>.
\n\u25cf Uso en animales para promover su crecimiento<\/strong>.
\n\u25cf Uso profil\u00e1ctico<\/a>.<\/p>\n

La exposici\u00f3n continua de las bacterias a concentraciones subinhibitorias de antibi\u00f3ticos, crea una presi\u00f3n de selecci\u00f3n natural<\/strong>. \u00a0Esto est\u00e1 causando que las bacterias se adapten y tengan una respuesta defensiva, escapando a sus mecanismos de acci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Las bacterias sufren mutaciones que les permiten escapar del efecto de los antibi\u00f3ticos<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00bfC\u00f3mo sobreviven a los antibi\u00f3ticos?<\/h2>\n

Las bacterias adquieren resistencia a los antibi\u00f3ticos mediante varios mecanismos:<\/p>\n

\u25cf Expulsar fuera de la c\u00e9lula los antibi\u00f3ticos<\/strong> que entran.
\n\u25cf Modificar las prote\u00ednas<\/strong> \u201cobjetivo\u201d del antibi\u00f3tico.
\n\u25cf Destruir o inactivar el antibi\u00f3tico con enzimas<\/strong>.
\n\u25cf Modificaci\u00f3n de membrana:<\/strong>\u00a0 impermeabilidad, mutaci\u00f3n de receptores…<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figura 1. Seg\u00fan el mecanismo de acci\u00f3n que tengan los antibi\u00f3ticos, las bacterias desarrollan diferentes maneras para defenderse de ellos<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aparici\u00f3n de cepas resistentes<\/h2>\n

El requisito para el desarrollo de una colonia resistente es una sola bacteria superviviente<\/strong> que se multiplique, transmitiendo los genes (material cromos\u00f3mico) que le confieren inmunidad a su descendencia.<\/p>\n

Tambi\u00e9n puede existir transferencia de pl\u00e1smidos<\/strong> (material extracromos\u00f3mico) entre bacterias de especies diferentes.<\/p>\n

\u00abLa resistencia a los antibi\u00f3ticos conduce a grandes costes m\u00e9dicos, estancias hospitalarias prolongadas y aumento de la mortalidad\u00bb – WHO<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

De esta manera surgen cepas con resistencia adquirida<\/strong>, que pueden llevar a un fracaso terap\u00e9utico, con sus graves consecuencias.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9 podemos concluir?<\/h2>\n

Como hemos visto, el origen de las resistencias<\/strong> es el constante contacto de las bacterias con los antibi\u00f3ticos.<\/p>\n

Por lo tanto, para combatir este problema el principal objetivo es reducir el uso de antibi\u00f3ticos. Una medida clave ser\u00eda la administraci\u00f3n de vacunas<\/a>, para hacer una adecuada profilaxis y poder reducir la incidencia de enfermedades.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La OMS ha declarado que la resistencia a los antimicrobianos es una de las 10 principales amenazas de salud p\u00fablica a las que se enfrenta la humanidad. Pero \u00bfCu\u00e1l es su origen? \u00bfQu\u00e9 estrategias desarrollan las bacterias para sobrevivir a los antibi\u00f3ticos? En el siguiente art\u00edculo respondemos a todas esas preguntas.   \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reduccion-antibioticos"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 aparecen las resistencias bacterianas? Mecanismos de resistencia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La constante exposici\u00f3n a antibi\u00f3ticos hace que las bacterias se vuelvan resistentes. 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