{"id":3409,"date":"2020-10-21T06:46:54","date_gmt":"2020-10-21T06:46:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/problemas-respiratorios-un-problema-mas-o-mas-que-un-problema\/"},"modified":"2026-02-24T10:26:58","modified_gmt":"2026-02-24T10:26:58","slug":"problemes-respiratoires-un-probleme-de-plus-ou-plus-quun-probleme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/fr\/problemes-respiratoires-un-probleme-de-plus-ou-plus-quun-probleme\/","title":{"rendered":"PROBL\u00c8MES RESPIRATOIRES : Un probl\u00e8me de plus ou plus qu’un probl\u00e8me ?"},"content":{"rendered":"
La toux au sein d’un troupeau de brebis ou de ch\u00e8vres est tellement fr\u00e9quente qu’elle est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme normale ; de nombreux \u00e9leveurs ont un nombre non n\u00e9gligeable de pertes de pneumonie chaque ann\u00e9e. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les troublesrespiratoires sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme un probl\u00e8me de plus parmi une longue liste : diarrh\u00e9es, tox\u00e9mie de gestation, boiteries\u2026 Mais s’agit-il uniquement d’un probl\u00e8me de plus ? Comprenons-nous vraiment son impact sur la rentabilit\u00e9 de l’exploitation ? Sous-estimons-nous ce probl\u00e8me ?<\/strong><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

UN PROBL\u00c8ME S\u00c9RIEUX\u2026 QUE NOUS SOUS-ESTIMONS. POURQUOI?<\/h2>\n

Dans le secteur des petits ruminants, il existe une multitude de pathologies qui affectent n\u00e9gativement la production : avortements, diarrh\u00e9es\u2026
\nParmi elles, la pathologie respiratoire est l’une des plus importantes, entra\u00eenant de grandes pertes \u00e9conomiques et mettant en p\u00e9ril le bien-\u00eatre animal au sein des exploitations.
\nPourtant, de nos jours, les affections<\/strong> de type respiratoire<\/strong> restent parmi les plus fr\u00e9quemment<\/strong> rencontr\u00e9es en \u00e9levage<\/strong>. Curieusement, ils sont tr\u00e8s souvent consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme quelque chose de \u00ab normal \u00bb, et non pas comme un probl\u00e8me, sans qu’aucune mesure ne soit prise pour les contr\u00f4ler\u2026 Comment en sommes-nous arriv\u00e9s l\u00e0 ?<\/p>\n

\u201cLa pr\u00e9sence de troubles respiratoires n’est pas tr\u00e8s souventconsid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un probl\u00e8me important\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

La r\u00e9ponse est simple : dans l’\u00e9levage, l’importance de toute affection est proportionnelle \u00e0 ses cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Image 1. Le complexe respiratoire ovin est la principale cause de mortalit\u00e9 chez les agneaux de plus de 23 jours (D. Lacasta et al. 2008<\/a><\/span>). Le taux de mortalit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 se maintient jusqu’\u00e0 la fin de la p\u00e9riode d\u2019engraissement.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pour des pathologies comme celle-ci, le calcul<\/strong> est difficile, sans compter la complexit\u00e9 de son contr\u00f4le, la difficult\u00e9 de d\u00e9tection des asymptomatiques<\/strong> et la forte incidence au sein des \u00e9levages, ce qui nous pousse de mani\u00e8re erron\u00e9e \u00e0 la sous-estimer<\/strong> et \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer cette pathologie comme acceptable, sans essayer de la r\u00e9soudre.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

IMPACT \u00c9CONOMIQUE : QUE DEVONS-NOUS PRENDRE EN COMPTE ?<\/h2>\n

Lorsque nous parlons du co\u00fbt, normalement, nous pensons uniquement aux morts de pneumonie (pertes directes). Il s’agirait alors de cas cliniques graves, faciles \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter, qui entra\u00eenent la mort ou l’abattage de l’animal. Mais cela ne repr\u00e9sente que la partie visible de l’iceberg.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Image 2. Les maladies respiratoires suivent l\u2019image de l’iceberg : on observe uniquement les cas cliniques (animaux symptomatiques : toux, difficult\u00e9s respiratoires, fi\u00e8vre\u2026), qui repr\u00e9sentent uniquement une toute petite partie de la pathologie ; tandis que les cas subcliniques (sans sympt\u00f4mes mais dont les voies respiratoires sont affect\u00e9es) passent inaper\u00e7us.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cLes morts de pneumonie constituent uniquement une petite partie de l’impact \u00e9conomique total\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Il faut \u00e9galement prendre en consid\u00e9ration les pertes indirectes<\/strong> : difficiles \u00e0 calculer et qui ont un impact \u00e9conomique<\/strong> souvent plus grand<\/strong> que les pertes directes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
DIRECTES<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nMorts\/abattage<\/td>\nAnimaux qui meurent ou qui sont abattus en raison de troubles respiratoires (cas cliniques)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Traitement<\/td>\nCo\u00fbts des traitements des animaux symptomatiques.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n
INDIRECTES<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nDiminution de la production<\/td>\nViande : gain de poids moyen quotidien moindre. Retard de croissance jusqu’au poids d’abattage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lait : production r\u00e9duite, lactations plus courtes, moins de lactations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Remplacement des animaux<\/td>\nAugmentation du taux de remplacement des animaux due aux pertes et au raccourcissement de la dur\u00e9e de vie des animaux.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Autres<\/td>\nProbl\u00e8mes d’infertilit\u00e9, traitement pour rechutes\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tableau 1. La quantit\u00e9 de cas subcliniques \u00e0 l’origine des pertes indirectes est toujours beaucoup plus grande que celle des cas cliniques (pertes directes) au sein des exploitations ovines et caprines. Souvent, les pertes indirectes ne sont pas prises en compte.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

PERTES INDIRECTES : LA CL\u00c9 DU PROBL\u00c8ME !<\/h2>\n

Ces pertes proviennent d’animaux asymptomatiques<\/strong> (cas subcliniques). Leur proportion par rapport aux animaux pr\u00e9sentant des sympt\u00f4mes est \u00e9norme et leur diagnostic<\/strong> est compliqu\u00e9 et exige un examen post-mortem, qui est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en abattoir<\/strong> (L.S.B. Mellau et al. 2010<\/a>)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

C’est l\u00e0 que nous mesurons l’impact r\u00e9el de la pathologie respiratoire au sein d’une exploitation. Des \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es en abattoir ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que 28 % des agneaux d\u2019engraissement (McRae et al. 2016<\/a>)<\/em> et 49 % des animaux adultes (L.M. Ferrer, 2018)<\/em> sains, abattus pour leur consommation, pr\u00e9sentaient des l\u00e9sions pulmonaires.<\/p>\n

\u201c28 % des agneaux d\u2019engraissement et 49 % des animaux adultes pr\u00e9sentaient des l\u00e9sions pulmonaires\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"
Image 3. Inspection v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire en abattoir. La saisie de poumons en raison de la pr\u00e9sence de l\u00e9sions est parfois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 10 % d’un lot d’agneaux\/de chevreaux sains. Ces animaux sans symptomatologie apparente atteignent leur poids d’abattage \u00e0 un \u00e2ge plus tardif.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La capacit\u00e9 productive des animaux<\/strong> qui pr\u00e9sentent des l\u00e9sions pulmonaires sera toujours inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des animaux sains, ce qui engendre un co\u00fbt<\/strong> que l’\u00e9leveur ne peut tr\u00e8s souvent pas assumer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Image 4. De nombreux animaux pr\u00e9sentant des l\u00e9sions pulmonaires de diff\u00e9rentes gravit\u00e9s survivent sans sympt\u00f4mes apparents. Leur capacit\u00e9 de production s’en verra affect\u00e9e (pertes indirectes).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La difficult\u00e9 de d\u00e9tecter des animaux asymptomatiques, associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un taux de gu\u00e9rison tr\u00e8s bas (bien qu’ils survivent, ils pr\u00e9sentent des l\u00e9sions pulmonaires) ne fait que compliquer davantage la d\u00e9termination de la gravit\u00e9 du probl\u00e8me.<\/p>\n

\u201cDans les parcs d\u2019engraissement, le taux d’\u00e9checdu traitement contre le CRO est \u00e9lev\u00e9 : plus de 80 % des animaux survivent, mais moins de 20 % gu\u00e9rissent des l\u00e9sions pulmonaires (Gonzalez, J.M. 2015)\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Le pourcentage \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/strong> d’animaux pr\u00e9sentant des l\u00e9sions respiratoires<\/strong> dans les \u00e9levages (avec et sans sympt\u00f4mes) et la diminution de production engendr\u00e9e nous donnent une id\u00e9e de l’immense impact \u00e9conomique<\/strong> que cela entra\u00eene, et r\u00e9pond \u00e0 la question de s’il s’agit uniquement d’un probl\u00e8me de plus…<\/p>\n

\u201cLes animaux asymptomatiques avec des l\u00e9sions pulmonaires n’atteindront jamais les niveaux de production des animaux sains\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

En outre, une autre question se pose\u2026 Devrions-nous en faire plus pour contr\u00f4ler cette pathologie ?<\/p>\n

Article \u00e9crit par :<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pablo N\u00fa\u00f1ez Ulibarri. Corporate Product Manager Small Ruminants Unit – HIPRA.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La toux au sein d’un troupeau de brebis ou de ch\u00e8vres est tellement fr\u00e9quente qu’elle est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme normale ; de nombreux \u00e9leveurs ont un nombre non n\u00e9gligeable de pertes de pneumonie chaque ann\u00e9e. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les troublesrespiratoires sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme un probl\u00e8me de plus parmi une longue liste : diarrh\u00e9es, tox\u00e9mie de gestation, boiteries\u2026 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3314,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-autres-maladies","category-problemes-respiratoires"],"yoast_head":"\nPneumonie chez les brebis et les ch\u00e8vres | Small Ruminants<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Maladies respiratoires, un des probl\u00e8mes les plus fr\u00e9quents et co\u00fbteux chez les agneaux et les chevreaux.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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