{"id":5562,"date":"2021-07-20T10:05:31","date_gmt":"2021-07-20T10:05:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/?p=5562"},"modified":"2022-02-18T09:56:14","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T09:56:14","slug":"histoire-antibiotiques-evolution-chronologie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/fr\/histoire-antibiotiques-evolution-chronologie\/","title":{"rendered":"Histoire des antibiotiques\u202f: la bataille entre l\u2019homme et les bact\u00e9ries"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Autrefois, les infections \u00e9taient la principale responsable des morts<\/a> chez l\u2019\u00eatre humain. Au cours du dernier si\u00e8cle, la m\u00e9decine a \u00e9volu\u00e9 rapidement et permis d\u2019augmenter l\u2019esp\u00e9rance de vie des personnes gr\u00e2ce aux antibiotiques. Mais quand a-t-on commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 les utiliser\u202f? Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur cette histoire \u00e9mouvante, poursuivez votre lecture\u2026\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Quand tout a commenc\u00e9\u202f?<\/h2>\n

La premi\u00e8re preuve que nous avons de leur utilisation se trouve en Chine il y a 2\u202f500\u202fans, dont les habitants connaissaient les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s th\u00e9rapeutiques du soja moisi. Dans l\u2019ancienne \u00c9gypte et en Gr\u00e8ce, on utilisait \u00e9galement des moisissures et des plantes pour traiter des infections.<\/p>\n

\u201cDans l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9, on utilisait des moisissures et des plantes qui produisaient des substances antibiotiques.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Professeur Alexander Fleming. Source: Official photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Utilisations plus modernes<\/h2>\n

La premi\u00e8re utilisation clinique d\u2019un antibiotique date des ann\u00e9es\u202f1890, avec la d\u00e9couverte de la pyocyanase par Emmerich et L\u00f6w. On obtenait du Pseudomona aeruginosa<\/em> qui \u00e9tait utilis\u00e9 pour traiter le chol\u00e9ra et le typhus, mais \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 douteuses.<\/p>\n

En 1909, Paul Ehrlich<\/a> a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 utiliser le Salvarsan, un m\u00e9dicament d\u00e9riv\u00e9 de l\u2019arsenic qui \u00e9tait efficace pour traiter la syphilis.<\/p>\n

\u201cLes premiers antibiotiques \u00e0 usage clinique \u00e9taient peu efficaces et peu s\u00fbrs.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

Une d\u00e9couverte fortuite<\/h2>\n

Alexander Fleming<\/a> \u00e9tait connu pour son intelligence, mais \u00e9galement pour ne pas \u00eatre tr\u00e8s soigneux. En 1928, certaines de ses cultures microbiennes avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 contamin\u00e9es par des moisissures. Il avait alors constat\u00e9 qu\u2019il n\u2019y avait pas de bact\u00e9ries autour.<\/p>\n

Il a le champignon comme appartenant au genre Penicillium<\/em> et nomm\u00e9 p\u00e9nicilline la substance produite par ce dernier.<\/p>\n

\u201cFlemming a observ\u00e9 qu\u2019il n\u2019y avait pas de croissance bact\u00e9rienne autour du Penicillium.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Cependant, ce n\u2019est qu\u2019\u00e0 partir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale que l\u2019on a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 produire de la p\u00e9nicilline en grandes quantit\u00e9s pour pouvoir traiter des maladies.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Illustration 1. Chronologie de la d\u00e9couverte de certains antibiotiques importants en m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, et de l\u2019apparition de r\u00e9sistances.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c9volution jusqu\u2019\u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui<\/h2>\n

L’\u00c2ge d\u2019or<\/a> des antibiotiques a \u00e9t\u00e9 atteint durant les ann\u00e9es\u202f40. De nombreux types ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverts sur une courte p\u00e9riode de temps, et on en a abus\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Cette utilisation non contr\u00f4l\u00e9e a favoris\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement de r\u00e9sistances, compromettant leur efficacit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u201cApr\u00e8s la d\u00e9couverte de la p\u00e9nicilline, la recherche et l\u2019utilisation de nouvelles substances ont mont\u00e9 en fl\u00e8che.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Cela fait plusieurs d\u00e9cennies que l\u2019on n\u2019a pas cr\u00e9\u00e9 de nouveaux antibiotiques. La cons\u00e9quence est la prolif\u00e9ration de bact\u00e9ries multir\u00e9sistantes qui causent de plus en plus de morts.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Comment ont-ils aid\u00e9 l\u2019humanit\u00e9?<\/h2>\n

Les antibiotiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 efficaces pour\u202f:<\/p>\n

\u25cf Traiter des maladies infectieuses qui \u00e9taient mortelles auparavant.\u00a0<\/strong>
\n\u25cf L\u2019\u00e9volution des sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s m\u00e9dicales.<\/strong>
\n\u25cf Le d\u00e9veloppement de proc\u00e9dures comme les interventions chirurgicales, les greffes et le traitement contre le cancer.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>
\n\u25cf En m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire<\/a>, le traitement des animaux malades, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de leur croissance et en tant que prophylaxie<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cL\u2019utilisation des antibiotiques a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 la plus grande avanc\u00e9e en m\u00e9decine du XXe\u202fsi\u00e8cle.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Autrefois, les infections \u00e9taient la principale responsable des morts chez l\u2019\u00eatre humain. Au cours du dernier si\u00e8cle, la m\u00e9decine a \u00e9volu\u00e9 rapidement et permis d\u2019augmenter l\u2019esp\u00e9rance de vie des personnes gr\u00e2ce aux antibiotiques. Mais quand a-t-on commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 les utiliser\u202f? Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur cette histoire \u00e9mouvante, poursuivez votre lecture\u2026\u00a0   Quand […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5575,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5562","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reduction-antibiotiques"],"yoast_head":"\nHistoire des antibiotiques et de leur \u00e9volution<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Utilisation des antibiotiques et \u00e9volution dans la m\u00e9decine humaine et la production animale. 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