{"id":5962,"date":"2021-10-06T08:48:31","date_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:48:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/?p=5962"},"modified":"2022-02-18T10:18:20","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T10:18:20","slug":"resistances-bacteriennes-antibiotiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/fr\/resistances-bacteriennes-antibiotiques\/","title":{"rendered":"Pourquoi les r\u00e9sistances bact\u00e9riennes apparaissent-elles ? Leurs strat\u00e9gies pour survivre aux antibiotiques"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

L\u2019OMS a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que la r\u00e9sistance aux antimicrobiens \u00e9tait l\u2019une des 10\u00a0plus grandes menaces pour la sant\u00e9 publique auxquelles se trouvait confront\u00e9e l\u2019humanit\u00e9. Mais d’o\u00f9 vient-elle\u00a0? Quelles strat\u00e9gies les bact\u00e9ries d\u00e9veloppent-elles pour survivre aux antibiotiques<\/a>\u00a0? Nous r\u00e9pondons \u00e0 toutes ces questions dans l’article suivant. <\/strong><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Quelle est la source du probl\u00e8me\u00a0?<\/h2>\n

Il existe de nos jours un recours excessif et irrationnel aux antibiotiques qui facilite l’apparition de bact\u00e9ries r\u00e9sistantes. La r\u00e9sistance aux antimicrobiens <\/a> constitue une menace mondiale, aussi bien pour la sant\u00e9 humaine que pour la sant\u00e9 animale.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Selon l’Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (OMS), la r\u00e9sistance aux antimicrobiens est un probl\u00e8me important \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle mondiale<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ses principales causes sont les suivantes\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u25cf Les patients qui ne respectent pas la posologie prescrite<\/strong>.
\n\u25cf L’absence de diagnostic<\/strong> et d’antibiogrammes<\/strong> chez l’\u00eatre humain et l’animal.
\n\u25cf Une utilisation prolong\u00e9e en cas d’infections r\u00e9currentes<\/strong>.
\n\u25cf Le non-respect du temps d’attente<\/strong> chez les animaux destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la consommation humaine<\/a>.
\n\u25cf L’utilisation destin\u00e9e \u00e0 favoriser la croissance<\/strong> chez l’animal..
\n\u25cf L’utilisation prophylactique<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L’exposition continue des bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 des concentrations sub-inhibitrices d’antibiotiques exerce une pression de s\u00e9lection naturelle<\/strong>. Les bact\u00e9ries sont alors amen\u00e9es \u00e0 s’adapter et d\u00e9velopper une r\u00e9ponse d\u00e9fensive, \u00e9chappant \u00e0 leurs m\u00e9canismes d’action<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Les bact\u00e9ries subissent des mutations qui leur permettent d’\u00e9chapper \u00e0 l’effet des antibiotiques<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Comment survivent-elles aux antibiotiques\u00a0?<\/h2>\n

Les bact\u00e9ries acqui\u00e8rent une r\u00e9sistance aux antibiotiques via plusieurs m\u00e9canismes\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u25cf Expulser de la cellule les antibiotiques<\/strong> qui y p\u00e9n\u00e8trent.
\n\u25cf Modifier les prot\u00e9ines<\/strong> \u00ab cibles \u00bb de l’antibiotique.
\n\u25cf D\u00e9truire ou inactiver l’antibiotique \u00e0 l’aide d’enzymes.<\/strong>
\n\u25cf Modifier la membrane<\/strong>\u00a0: imperm\u00e9abilit\u00e9, mutation des r\u00e9cepteurs…<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 1. Selon le m\u00e9canisme d’action des antibiotiques, les bact\u00e9ries d\u00e9veloppent diff\u00e9rents moyens de s’en d\u00e9fendre<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Apparition de souches r\u00e9sistantes<\/h2>\n

La condition indispensable au d\u00e9veloppement d’une colonie r\u00e9sistante est la survie d’une seule bact\u00e9rie<\/strong>, qui se multiplie et transmet alors \u00e0 sa descendance les g\u00e8nes (le mat\u00e9riel chromosomique) lui conf\u00e9rant une immunit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Il peut \u00e9galement exister un transfert de plasmides<\/strong> (le mat\u00e9riel extra-chromosomique) entre les bact\u00e9ries de diff\u00e9rentes esp\u00e8ces.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0La r\u00e9sistance aux antibiotiques entra\u00eene une augmentation des d\u00e9penses m\u00e9dicales, une prolongation des hospitalisations et une hausse de la mortalit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb – WHO<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ainsi apparaissent des souches dot\u00e9es d’une r\u00e9sistance acquise<\/strong>, pouvant entra\u00eener un \u00e9chec th\u00e9rapeutique aux cons\u00e9quences graves.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/h2>\n

Comme nous l’avons vu, les r\u00e9sistances naissent du contact permanent entre les bact\u00e9ries et les antibiotiques.<\/p>\n

Par cons\u00e9quent, l’objectif principal de la lutte contre ce probl\u00e8me est de r\u00e9duire l’utilisation d’antibiotiques. Une mesure cl\u00e9 serait\u00a0de vaccins<\/a>, afin d’obtenir une prophylaxie ad\u00e9quate et de r\u00e9duire l’incidence des maladies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u2019OMS a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que la r\u00e9sistance aux antimicrobiens \u00e9tait l\u2019une des 10\u00a0plus grandes menaces pour la sant\u00e9 publique auxquelles se trouvait confront\u00e9e l\u2019humanit\u00e9. Mais d’o\u00f9 vient-elle\u00a0? Quelles strat\u00e9gies les bact\u00e9ries d\u00e9veloppent-elles pour survivre aux antibiotiques\u00a0? Nous r\u00e9pondons \u00e0 toutes ces questions dans l’article suivant.   Quelle est la source du probl\u00e8me\u00a0? Il existe de nos […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5912,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5962","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reduction-antibiotiques"],"yoast_head":"\nM\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9sistance aux antibiotiques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La constante exposition des bact\u00e9ries aux antibiotiques favorise le d\u00e9veloppement de r\u00e9sistances. 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