{"id":5554,"date":"2021-07-20T10:05:07","date_gmt":"2021-07-20T10:05:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/?p=5554"},"modified":"2026-05-13T07:11:02","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T07:11:02","slug":"storia-antibiotici-cronologia-evoluzione","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aboutsmallruminants.com\/it\/storia-antibiotici-cronologia-evoluzione\/","title":{"rendered":"Storia degli antibiotici: la battaglia tra l’uomo e i batteri"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Nel passato, le infezioni erano la principale causa di morte<\/a> per gli esseri umani. Nell’ultimo secolo la medicina \u00e8 per\u00f2 progredita rapidamente e, grazie agli antibiotici, \u00e8 aumentata la speranza di vita delle persone. Ma quando \u00e8 iniziato il loro uso? Se ti interessa saperne di pi\u00f9 su questa storia emozionante, continua a leggere…\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Quando ebbe tutto inizio?<\/h2>\n

La prima prova che abbiamo del loro utilizzo risale a ben 2500 anni or sono in Cina, dove erano note le propriet\u00e0 terapeutiche della muffa di soia. Anche nell’Antico Egitto e in Grecia veniva impiegate muffe e piante per curare le infezioni.<\/p>\n

\u201cNell’antichit\u00e0 si utilizzavano muffe e piante che producevano sostanza antibiotiche.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Professor Alexander Fleming. Fonte: Official photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Usi pi\u00f9 moderni<\/h2>\n

Il primo uso clinico di un antibiotico risale agli anni ’90 del XIX secolo, con la scoperta della piocianasi da parte di Emmerich e L\u00f6w; derivante dalla Pseudomona aeruginosa<\/em>, veniva usata per curare il colera e il tifo, ma con efficacia e sicurezza piuttosto dubbie.<\/p>\n

Nel 1909, Paul Ehrlich<\/a> inizi\u00f2 ad usare il salvarsan, un farmaco ottenuto dall’arsenico che era efficace per il trattamento della sifilide.<\/p>\n

\u201cI primi antibiotici per uso clinico erano poco efficaci e sicuri.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

Una scoperta fortuita<\/h2>\n

Alexander Fleming<\/a> era conosciuto per la sua intelligenza, ma non per la sua precisione. Nel 1928, quando alcune sue colture microbiche vennero contaminate da muffe, lui osserv\u00f2 che attorno ad esse non vi erano batteri.<\/p>\n

Identific\u00f2 il fungo come Penicillium<\/em> e diede il nome di penicillina alla sostanza che esso produceva.<\/p>\n

\u201cFleming osserv\u00f2 che attorno al Penicillium non crescevano batteri .\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tuttavia, fu solo con lo scoppio della Seconda guerra mondiale che la penicillina inizi\u00f2 ad essere prodotta in grandi quantit\u00e0 per la cura delle malattie.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figura 1. Cronologia della scoperta di alcuni antibiotici importanti in veterinaria e dell’insorgenza delle resistenze.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Evoluzione sino ai giorni nostri<\/h2>\n

Durante gli anni ’40 ebbe luogo l’Epoca d’oro<\/a> degli antibiotici, quando se ne scoprirono diversi tipi in un breve lasso di tempo e se ne fece un uso eccessivo.<\/p>\n

Questo uso incontrollato favor\u00ec lo sviluppo di resistenze, mettendone a rischio l’efficacia.<\/p>\n

\u201cDopo la scoperta della penicillina, crebbero enormemente la ricerca e l’uso di nuove sostanze.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00c8 da decenni che non compaiono nuovi antibiotici e, di conseguenza, ci sono batteri multiresistenti sempre pi\u00f9 letali.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In che modo sono stati d’aiuto per l’umanit\u00e0?<\/h2>\n

Gli antibiotici hanno permesso di:<\/p>\n

\u25cf Curare malattie infettive che in precedenza erano mortali.<\/strong>
\n\u25cf Far evolvere le specialit\u00e0 mediche.<\/strong>
\n\u25cf Sviluppare procedure quali interventi chirurgici, trapianti e trattamenti oncologici.<\/strong>
\n\u25cf Trattare animali malati, migliorarne la crescita e fungere da prophylaxis<\/a> nel settore veterinario<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cL’utilizzo degli antibiotici ha costituito il pi\u00f9 significativo passo in avanti della medicina nel XX secolo.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nel passato, le infezioni erano la principale causa di morte per gli esseri umani. Nell’ultimo secolo la medicina \u00e8 per\u00f2 progredita rapidamente e, grazie agli antibiotici, \u00e8 aumentata la speranza di vita delle persone. Ma quando \u00e8 iniziato il loro uso? Se ti interessa saperne di pi\u00f9 su questa storia emozionante, continua a leggere…\u00a0   […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":5581,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[90],"class_list":["post-5554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-riduzione-antibiotica","tag-restricted"],"yoast_head":"\nHistory of antibiotics: the use and development of antibiotics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The use and development of antibiotics in human medicine and animal production. 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